Sunday, November 21, 2010

Interview Method of Data Collection

Definition: Interview is verbal questioning. In research, Lindzey Gardner has defined interview as “a two-person conversation, initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant information and focused by him on the content specified by the research objectives of description and explanation”.

Functions of interview:

Two major functions of the interview techniques are described as under:

• Description
• Exploration

Description: The information received from the respondent provides insight into the nature of social reality. Since the interviewer spends some time with the respondents, he can understand their feelings and attitudes more clearly, and seek additional information wherever necessary and make information meaningful for him.

Exploration: Interview provides insight into unexplored dimensions of the problem.

Characteristics of interview: Black and Champion have pointed out the following characteristics of an interview:

• Personal communication.
• Equal status: The status of the interviewer and the interviewee is equal.
• Instant response.
• Temporary relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee.
• Considerable flexibility in the format of the interview.

Types of interviews:

Unstructured: There are no specifications in the wording of the questions or the order of the questions. The interviewer forms questions as and when required. The structure of the interview is flexible.

Structured: Is based on the structured interview-guide which is little different from the questionnaire. It is a set of specific points and definite questions prepared by the interviewer.

Standardized: In standardized interviews, answer to each question is standardized as it is determined by a set of response categories given for this purpose. The respondents are expected to choose one of the given options as the answer.

Unstandardized: Is one in which the responses are left open to the respondent. This is used mainly in qualitative research.

Individual: Where the interviewer interviews only one respondent at a time.

Group interview: More than one respondent are interviewed simultaneously. The group can be small, say, of two individual (e.g., husband and wife, or two co-workers in a factory) or large, say, of 10 to 20 persons (say students in a class).

Self-administered: The respondent is supplied a list of questions along with instructions for writing answers in the appropriate place on the interview form.

Other-administered: The interviewer himself writes answers to questions on the response sheet.

Unique: Is one which the interviewer collects entire information in one interview.

Panel interviews: The interviewer collects information from the same group of respondents two or more times at regular intervals. If different respondents are involved in various stages for asking the same question, it is called Trend Study.

Soft interview: Here the interviewer guides the respondents without putting any pressure on them.

Hard interview: Here, the interview resembles a police interrogation. The interviewer questions the validity and completeness of the answers obtained, often warning the respondents not to lie and forcing them to give an answer when they hesitate.

Personal interviews: There is face to face contact between the interviewer and the interviewee.

Non-personal interviews: No face-to-face contact, but the information is collected through telephone, computer or some other medium.

Conditions for a successful interview: Collecting data through the interview technique may be easy, yet its adequacy, reliability and validity pose important problems. Interviewers differ in interest and skill; respondents differ in ability and motivation. Gardner has pointed out three conditions for successful interviewing:

• Accessibility
• Understanding
• Motivations

Accessibility: For giving information to the interviewer, the respondent must have access to the information.

Understanding: The respondent sometimes is not able to understand what is expected of him. Unless he understands the significance of the research, the concepts and terms used, the nature of answers which the interviewer expects from him, his answers might be out-of-track.

Motivation
: The respondent needs to be motivated not only for giving information but also giving accurate information. The fear of consequences, being suspicious about the interviewer, and dislike of the subject are some of the factors which decrease the level of respondents’ motivation. The interviewer, therefore, has to try to reduce the effect of these factors.

Research Process: Steps Involved

Horton and Hunt (1984:10) have pointed out eight steps in scientific research or scientific method of investigation:

1. Define/select the problem.
2. Review literature.
3. Formulate the hypotheses.
4. Plan the research design.
5. Collect the data.
6. Analyse the data.
7. Draw conclusion.
8. Replicate the study (when necessary).

1. Define/select the problem:
Probably the most common sources of research ideas are the experience of practical problems in the field. Many researchers are directly engaged in social, health, or human service program implementation and come up with their ideas based on what they see happening around them.

Another source of research ideas is the literature in one’s specific field. Many researchers get the ideas for research by reading the literature and thinking of ways to extend or refine previous research.

Finally, some researches simply think of their research topic on their own. The ideas they come up with are influenced by their background, culture, education, and experience.

Once a basic research idea has been chosen, the next step is to ensure that the topic has merit.

2. Review literature:

Researchers who conduct studies under the guidelines of scientific research never begin a research project without first consulting available literature to learn what has been done, how it was done, and what results were generated.

It not only allows the researchers to learn from previous research but also save time, effort, and money.

Before attempting any project, researchers should ask these questions:

• What type of research has been done in the area?
• What has been found in the previous studies?
• What suggestions do other researchers make for further study?
• What has not been investigated?
• What research methods were used in previous studies?

3. Formulate the hypotheses:

A hypothesis is an assumption about relations between variables. It is a tentative explanation of the research problem or a guess about the research outcome which can be empirically verified.

Ex: Non-working women enjoy lower social status than working women.

Here the variables are: woman’s work and social status.

Aggression is caused due to frustration.

4. Plan the Research Design:
Research design is the detailed strategy to conduct a research. It plans as to:

 What is to be observed
 How is to be observed
 When/where is to be observed
 Why is to be observed
 How to record observations
 How to analyze/interpret observations
 How to generalize

William Zikmund has described research design as “a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information”.

5. Collect the data:

Data for research purposes can be divided into two types:

1. Primary
2. Secondary

Primary: The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character.

Secondary: The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.

Collection of primary data: Primary data can be collected either through experiment or survey.

If the researcher conducts an experiment, he observes some quantitative measurements, or the data, with the help of which he examines the truth contained in his hypothesis.

In the case of survey, data can be collected by any one or more of the following ways:

• By observation: This method implies the collection of information by way of investigator’s own observation, without interviewing the respondents. The information obtained relates to what is currently happening and is not complicated by either the past behaviour or future intentions or attitudes or respondents. This method is an expensive method and the information provided by this method is also very limited. This method is not suitable in inquiries where large samples are concerned.
• Through personal interviews
• Through telephone interviews
• By mailing of questionnaires: Are a set of questions mailed to the respondents with a request to return after completing the same.
• Through schedules: Under this method the enumerators are appointed and given training. They are provided with schedules containing relevant questions. These enumerators go to respondents with these schedules. Data are collected by filling up the schedules by enumerators on the basis of replies given by respondents.
• Depth interviews: Depth interviews are those interviews that are designed to discover underlying motives and desires and are often used in motivational research. Such interviews are held to explore needs, desires and feelings of respondents. In other words, they aim to elicit unconscious as also other types of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivations.
• Content analysis: Content analysis consists of analyzing the contents of documentary materials such as books, magazines, newspapers and the contents of all other verbal materials which can be either spoken or printed.

Collection of secondary data: Secondary data can be either published data or unpublished data.

Published data can be collected from:

• Various publications of central, state and local govts.
• Various publications of foreign govt. and international bodies.
• Technical and trade journals.
• Books, magazines and newspapers.
• Reports and publications of various associations.
• Previous research reports.
• Public records and statistics, historical documents, and other sources of published information.

The sources of unpublished data may be:

• Diaries, letters, unpublished biographies and autobiographies.
• Scholars, research workers, trade associations, labour bureaus and other public/private individuals and organizations.

6. Analyse the data:

In this stage, the researcher analyses the data, prepares tables, and interprets the facts.

After collecting data, the method of converting raw data into meaningful statement; includes data processing, data analysis, and data interpretation and presentation.

Data reduction or processing mainly involves various manipulations necessary for preparing the data for analysis. The process (of manipulation) could be manual or electronic. It involves editing, categorizing the open-ended questions, coding, computerization and preparation of tables and diagrams.

7. Draw conclusion:

Logical conclusions are drawn based on the analysis of data and suggestions for future research are given.

8. Replicate the study: The above research project is replicated in different places, if we want to generalise the findings of the research.

Wednesday, September 29, 2010

Top 10 mass comm institutes of India

In 2007, the Outlook (a weekly magazine) and Cfore (a market research firm) have conducted a survey to rank the top 10 mass communication institute in India.The survey results show that the best mass communication colleges are spread over various cities in India.

To rank the colleges the Outlook - Cfore researchers asked the faculty and professionals to rank the institutes in a ten point scale against four parameters.

These four parameters that they used were- faculty, pedagogic systems, infrastructure and placements. They then multiplied the average rating by the weightage in order to rank the top ten mass communication institutes in India.


IIMC, New Delhi
JNU new campus, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi
Phone No - 91-011-26109268/60940/60
Email: pbapaiah@yahoo.com
Courses Offered: Post-graduate Diploma in Journalism (English and Hindi), Radio & Television Journalism and Advertising & Public Relations.


Xavier Institute of Communication, Mumbai
Mumbai, Maharashtra- 400 001
Phone No - (91-22) 262 1366/1639/2877
Website: www.xaviercomm.org
Courses Offered: Journalism & Mass Communication, Public Relations & Corporate Communications, Advertising & Marketing, Digital Animation and Television & Video Production.


International School of Business and Media (ISB&M)
Viman Nagar Campus
Survey No. 32/2, Ashok Plaza
Next to Weikfield Company
Nagar Road, Pune - 411014
Tel: 020-67212444 / 26633444
Website : www.isbm.edu.in
Courses offered : Undergraduate and Postgraduate programs in Media management, Advertisement, Public Relations, Event and Corporate Communication, TV & Radio production, Broadcast and Journalism


Symbiosis Institute of Mass Communication, Pune
Senapati Bapat Road, Pune 411 004
Phone No - 020 - 25652303 / 25660972
Website: www.simc.edu
Courses Offered: MBA in Communication Management (Advertising, Public Relations. Masters in Mass Communication (Journalism and T.V and Radio Production)


Asian College of Journalism, Chennai
Kasturi Centre, 124, Wallajah Road, Chennai - 600002
Phone No - 91-44-28418254/55, 28526227/49
Email: asian_media@vsnl.com
Courses Offered: The Masters Degree course includes Reporting, Writing, and Editing, Modern Issues in Journalism, History of the Media, Law of Media.


Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad
Shela, Ahmedabad (380058)
Phone No - 2717-237946-51
E-mail: admissions@mica.ac.in
Courses Offered: Executive Diploma Programme in Media Management.
Certificate Programme in Managing Integrated Media, Retail Communications, Crafting Creative Comm and Visual Merchandising. Post Graduate Programme in Communications Management and Entrepreneurship (PGP CME)


Film and Television Institute of India, Pune
Law College Road, Pune
Phone No - 91 - 020- 25431817 / 25433016 / 25430017
Email: tutorial_sec@ftiindia.com
Courses Offered: Direction, Acting, Cinematography, Art Direction and Production Design, Audiography, Animation and Computer Graphics, Editing, Feature Film Screenplay Writing.


AJ Kidwai Mass Comm Research Centre, Jamia, New Delhi
Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi
Phone No - +91(11)26981717
Courses Offered: Ph.D and M.A. in Mass Communication. Post Graduate Diploma in Development Communication, Journalism and Broadcast System Maintenance.


Manorama School of Communication, Kottayam
PB No: 229, Kottayam, Kerala
Phone No - +91-481-2300851
Website: www.manoramajschool.com
Courses Offered: Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism.


Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media, Bangalore
HRBR Layout 3rd Block, Kalyananagar Post Bangalore 560 043
Pone No - 91-80-28437907 / 7903
E-mail: admin@iijnm.org
Courses Offered: The Post-graduate programmes offer courses on Reporting and Writing for Radio and Television, Ethical and Legal Issues in Journalism, Advanced Media Concentration and Business and Financial Reporting.


Times School of Journalism, New Delhi
Times Centre for Media Studies, Darya Ganj, New Delhi
Courses Offered: Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism

Top Mass Comm Institutes in the USA

Many famous people are graduates of communication colleges, such as actor Denzel Washington and Farside cartoonist Gary Larson. It's no wonder, given the versatility of the degree. Communication programs may offer areas of emphasis such as rhetoric, mass communication, organizational communication, political communication and health communication. The following list relies on information from College Crunch and the National Communication Association.

East Coast

The Pennsylvania State University has the largest accredited communications program in the country, Penn State's College of Communications, located in the Carnegie Building at the University Park campus, offers undergraduate degrees in advertising/public relations, film-video, media studies, journalism and telecommunications. The College is home to several communication-related research centers, which gives students an opportunity to put communication theory into practice. For more information, go to comm.psu.edu

The University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication, located at 3620 Walnut Street at the University's main campus in Philadelphia, consistently ranks among the top programs in the country. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, students study a variety of topics including how communication creates and sustains organizations as well as the influence of communication in contemporary culture. Students also benefit from the expertise of some of the nation's foremost communication studies scholars. For more information, see asc.upenn.edu.

Syracuse University

With a particular focus on mass communication, The Newhouse School of Public Communication is housed in the S.I. Newhouse Communications Center on the University's main campus in Syracuse, New York. The School offers majors in advertising, broadcast journalism, magazine journalism, public relations, television/radio/film, photography, graphic arts, and newspaper journalism. The School is home to international experts on a wide variety of topics, including First Amendment rights and the role of television in popular culture. For more information, see newhouse.syr.edu.

Midwest

The University of Kansas Department of Communication Studies is home to one of the nation's top-ranked debate teams and offers a bachelor's degree in communication studies. The department is in Baily Hall on the main campus in Lawrence, Kansas. Students have the opportunity to study abroad as well as to participate in the honors program. For more information, see www2.ku.edu/~coms.

Bowling Green State University has more than 1,000 undergraduates studying in the School of Media and Communication, located in West Hall on the main campus in Bowling Green, Ohio. The School encourages students to complete internships as well as to participate in the Hong Kong Baptist University Exchange Program. Students can earn degrees in communication, interpersonal communication, telecommunications and journalism. For more information, see bgsu.edu/departments/smc/index.html

The Communication Studies program at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor focuses on mass media and new media and the relationships between media and culture. The research areas of the faculty include, among other topics, media, power, and politics; media psychology; and media effects and sexuality. Beginning in 2010, the Department will be housed in a new facility on the North Quad. For more information: www.lsa.umich.edu/comm

The University of Minnesota's Department of Communication Studies has a dozen faculty members and about 600 undergraduate students. Located in Ford Hall on the main campus in Minneapolis, the Department offers a communication degree with a choice of three areas of interest: rhetorical studies, critical media studies and interpersonal communication. The program also offers students internship and sponsors the Communication Studies Association for interested student. For more information, see comm.umn.edu.

The University of Iowa's Department of Communication Studies is one of the largest degree programs on the university's main campus in Iowa City, Iowa. Concentrations include six clusters: communication and organizational life; communication and relationships; communication and health; media, culture, and technology; intercultural and international communication; and rhetoric and public advocacy. For more information, see uiowa.edu/commstud.
Southwest

The University of Texas-Austin's Department of Communication Studies has established itself as a preeminent center for research about communication studies. The faculty is impressive; five of them are ranked among the 100 most prolific researchers since the communication field developed in the early 20th century. For more information, see commstudies.utexas.edu.

The University of Arizona's Department of Communication offers students an in-depth look at the role of communication in everyday life. More than 1,000 undergraduates study under the guidance of an award-winning faculty. The Department offers many co-curricular activities including an honors program, study abroad and internships. For more information, see comm.arizona.edu.

Southeast

The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill's communication studies degree is ranked No. 3 on College Crunch's top colleges for communication majors. The program offers four major concentrations, including rhetorical studies; interpersonal and organizational; media studies and production; and performance studies. UNC also offers an interdisciplinary minor in cinema studies. Part of the department's mission is to encourage an awareness of communication choices, behavior and technologies. For more information, go to comm.unc.edu.

For students interested in mass media, The Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia's main campus in Athens, Georgia, offers seven majors, including advertising, broadcast news, newspapers, magazines, public relations, publication management and telecommunication arts. With more than a half dozen student organizations housed in the college, students are encouraged to pursue co-curricular activities that place an emphasis on putting theory into practice. For more information, see grady.uga.edu.

The Florida State University's School of Communication, located in the University Center complex on the main campus in Tallahassee, offers four majors and a minor in Hispanic marketing communication. Students can apply to participate in the "Communication in London" program, which runs the first six weeks of every summer term. Students may also pursue a professional communication major at the university's campus in Panama City. For more information, visit comm.cci.fsu.edu.

West Coast

The Annenberg School of Communication at the University of California Los Angeles hosts the School of Communication and the School of Journalism. More than 80 full-time faculty teach an expansive catalog of courses and are often called upon as media commentators about contemporary issues. The school offers degrees in communication, journalism and public relations. For more information, see annenberg.usc.edu.

Vanguard University of Southern California's Communication Department offers students two majors: communication studies and cinema/digital media. Vanguard's location in Costa Mesa, California, makes it an ideal spot for those interested in cinema/digital media studies. It is a member of the Los Angeles Film Studies Center, which allows students to gain academic credit while working as interns in the film industry. For more information, see vanguard.edu/communication.

Monday, August 9, 2010

Future of Media Education?

Dear Friends:

With the mushrooming of Media institutes in every nook and corner of our society now-a-days, I wonder what will be the future of Media Education in years to come? Will there be a saturation soon? With the commercialisation of media education in a big way, Should we expect the thousands of fresh passouts every year, to hold the high moral ground in their profession?

Please give your heartfelt and logical comments.

Nikhil

Sunday, January 24, 2010

Should cameraman capture cop dying or go to help him?

In an exercise among Mass Communication students of Lingaya’s Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences, Mandi to express their views (50 words) on the filming of dying sub-inspector (44-year old Vetrivel) of Tamil Nadu on Jan 9, 2010 after he was brutally attacked by a gang in Tirunelveli District; one of the students write:

What I think is that the cameraman did his job. As a journalist he did his duty by showing the reality. The negligence was from the ministers’ side. When these cops risk their lives just for the sake of ministers’ security, it is the duty of ministers to do the same. They could call for an ambulance in time or could have taken the cop in one of the cars.

Aaron Jacob
IInd Semester, BJ(MC)
LLDIMS